本稿は, インドネシア・北スラウェシ地方で1850–60年代に行われたコーヒー「自主栽培」の展開と, それに伴う社会変容を検討する。オランダ植民地政庁は1850年頃から, 農民が栽培方法を自分で選択できる「自主栽培」を推奨した。すると多くの農民は, それまで政庁が強制していた村外の大規模農園における重労働で利益の少ない栽培をやめ, 既存の農地をコーヒー栽培に転換して利益を確保した。中には生産地から港まで収穫物を輸送することに特化する農民も現れ, 海岸部で輸送料をもとに得た商品を生産地に運んで販売した。一方, 政庁の命令に従わず, さらなる利益を求めてコプラ採取用のココヤシ栽培に転換する者も現れた。つまりコーヒー栽培は, 人々を市場志向化し, 貨幣経済が地域社会にいっそう浸透する契機をもたらした。
This article examines social transformation in North Sulawesi, Netherlands East Indies, in the 1850s and the 1860s, resulting from the development of coffee cultivation. From around 1850, the colonial government promoted "free cultivation" of coffee, in which cultivators were allowed to produce the product in whatever manner they liked. Accordingly, many culti-vators stopped the laborious and unprofitable cultivation of large-scale gardens far from their villages, the manner that the government had imposed. Instead they transformed their existing arable lands into small-scale coffee gardens, as they profited more in this way. Some individuals specialized in the transportation of the harvest from the producing-areas to coastal ports, and carried commodities, which they bought with the transportation fee, from the ports back to their villages for resale. Others shifted from coffee to coconut cultivation for copra production, in order to pursue higher profits, in defiance of the government instruction. Coffee cultivation thus made cultivators market-oriented and helped the expanding monetized economy further penetrate the local society of North Sulawesi.
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