This article is the attempt to criticize the structure of modern society and to construct the social system beyond it. To be criticized is the incentive system and the incentive-compatible framework in modern society. In modern society people try to identify themselves as the possessors of the commodities as distinctive signs (J. P. Baudrillard), status in organization, and money in market system. But the identification ends to failure, because of not the ontological structure of man as J. P. Sartre thought to be, but the social system in which people are motivated by the deprivation of identity. In this paper, first, I intend to describe the concept of Marx's socialism which is found in "Okonmisch-Philosophisch Manus-kripte" and "Grundrisse der Kritik der politischen Okonomie". His socialism is criticized with the aid of public choice theory and the decision making rule-unanimity rule-unajority rule etc, which is developed by political econmists called "Virginia School". Secondly, I intend to describe the thought of Ivan Illich and examine the significance of his, so-called, "autonomous action". In the examination it will be clear that "autonomous action" grounds the social framework which radically overcomes the structure of modern society.