"Modern family" in Japan is referred to as "katei" (home), substantialized by thenew middle-class in cities during the Taisho Era. Within "katei," children  were subject to protection and education. Previous studies suggest that "katei"  to spread to other classes through the  awareness of families in the new middle class and governmental policies, forming the basis of how typical families today consider the issues of education.  This paper was aimed to study the process of how the concept of education by "katei" came to be accepted in rural villages. I have studied the relationship  between families and elementary schools in Kanagawa Prefecture during the late Taisho Era and early Showa Era. Practice of teachers in Kanagawa were based  on a mix of two views towards "katei" as target of enlightenment, and for the purpose of encouraging attention to children. Social situations caused changes  in teachers' perception. Meanwhile, these cases also suggest that there were potentials for cooperation between families and schools at that time.

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