Now that many people are living for more than 80 years, retirement from work does not necessarily mean the end of life.  Some people choose an early exit from the labor force, before mandatory retirement, in order to enjoy a second life, while others continue to work past retirement age full-time or part-time. To solve problem that arises in relation to the relationship between the loss of a work role (retirement) and one's identity,  we investigated academics as a case study in voluntary retirement, because tenured professors are not forced to retire against their will.  Furthermore, a summary of a review of studies on retirement found that happiness depends on having a suitable income, good health, sociality,  leisure (hobbies) pursuits, and marital satisfaction. In addition, the timing of a couple's retirement is also important, given the increasing  number of double-income households. Finally, we surveyed the present state of affairs in Japan.

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