This paper examines the structural change of the Chinese economy during 1952-70. Since the Chinese economy has a combination of characteristics not usually found in other economies at the same stage of economic development, this study attempts to demonstrate whether the structural change of the Chinese economy is consistent with the findings of Kuznets and Chenery and Taylor. It also analyzes the factors affecting the shares of each sector in the economy as well as the sectoral interdependence between agriculture and industry in the context of the demand for and supply of selected variables. Reliability of estimates of regression coefficients is then examined by projection of each of the sectoral shares and of sectoral interdependence for 1980. Small percentage errors in projected values for 1980 confirm consistency of estimates of regression coefficients and support the hypothesis as envisaged by Kuznets and Chenery and Taylor. This paper is intended as a follow-up for the article "The Economic Outlook of Mainland China in the 1970's," Keio Economic Studies, Volume 7, No. 2, 1970. It will also serve as a test of the reliability of our estimates for 1980 when more economic data on mainland China become available toward the end of this decade. As it is well known, Mainland China did not release comprehensive national production figures for more than a decade and only a few selected national production statistics were released at the end of 1971. The economic data for this study, though scanty, are the best that can be assembled, compiled and estimated by the authors.