事前調査として建築家によるASの現状の把握を行った。対象事例として建築雑誌『新建築』及び『トウキョウ建築コレクション』に1995年から2017年の間に掲載され図面が確認できる, 行政主体ではない, 「展示場」「図書館」など公共サービス提供の場として使われている, 「地域の人が利用する」といった記述が確認できる, 病院などの大規模建築の付随ではないの5点を満たすことを選定条件に, 新築/改修の区別なく60事例を選定した。各事例の住所と配置図から周辺の地域状況を「都心郊外商業地域」「都心住宅地域」「郊外住宅地域」「過疎地域」の4タイプに分類した。事前調査で対象とした60事例のうち未利用建築を改修したものかつインタビュの承諾を得た計11事例を対象とした。研究方法は文献調査に加えて, 実地調査, 各事例の運営者と設計者への半構造化インタビュを行った。質問項目は協働体制, 空間操作, 建築家の関わりへの評価, ASへの評価を大項目に設定し, それぞれについて概念化を用いてまとめた。
協働体制に関しては, 利用の構想や広報といった設計者の役割の拡張, カフェなどの収益プログラムの存在とASとの相乗効果, シェアハウスの共有部が演奏会に使われるなど多用途での利用を確認した。空間操作に関しては, 図面から113の空間操作を抽出し操作内容を類型した。インタビュから得た空間操作の目的と組み合わせ, 空間操作を類型した。竣工前の空間操作を「内外の中間領域をつくる」「レベルの操作でホールのような空間をつくる」などの12項目, 竣工後の空間操作を「ファサードを不透明にし外からの視線を遮る」「変化した使い方に合わせて仕切りをつくる」などの8項目に分類した。さらに, 建築家の関わりへの評価に関して「予想外の提案の提示」「建築の魅力向上」といった肯定的な意見と「運営から徐々に遠ざかっている」「利便性の不足」といった否定的な意見に大別し, ASへの評価に関して「地域の課題解決」や「地域の賑わい創出」といった効果と「地域の人との関わり不足」や「組織の継続性の課題」といった課題に大別した。得られた結果から, AS改修に関わる建築家への推奨事項をまとめた。
The magazine "Shinkenchiku" and the "Tokyo kenchiku collection" yearbooks have been used as a source to select a total of 60 cases from 1995 to 2017. After checking the possibilities and permissions for interviews, 11 alternative spaces created through renovation were selected. Semi-structured interviews were performed to designers and managers of each case, regarding management, design, evaluation of the involvement of the architect, and global evaluation of the alternative space. Regarding management, the following was clarified :
・The role of designers was expanded beyond design tasks into activities such as program conception, publicity, research, participatory design, management, etc.
・Existence of revenue program such as cafe, share house, guest house, factory, etc. And the synergistic effect between them and the alternative spaces.
・Alternative spaces had diverse uses, such as gallery, lecture, meeting, library, concert, etc.
Next, the spatial operations performed in all alternative spaces were analyzed. In order to do this, first the design intentions mentioned during interviews were classified. The spatial operations realized by the architect before completion were classified into 12 categories such as "creating an intermediate area between inside and outside", "creating a hall-like space by changing height levels". The spatial operations by the manager realized after completion were classified into 8 categories such as "making partitions according to changing programs", or "making the facade opaque and obstruct the gaze from the outside". Regarding the evaluation about the involvement of the architect, the interviews showed both positive comments such as "architect's proposal of an unexpected ideas", "making architecture attractive", and negative comments such as "the problem of lack of functionality", and "the architect gradually moving away from management". Finally, the global evaluation of alternative spaces was classified into positive effects of alternative spaces such as "creation of animation in the area", "solving problems in the area", and problems such as "lack of the expected involvement of local people", "lack of organizational continuity".
This study clarifies the actual situation of a selection of alternative spaces and offers suggestions to designers, in the hope to help them when they get involved in the establishment, design and management of alternative spaces.