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2017000001-20170061  
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Title 監査役制度の過去・現在・未来  
Kana カンサヤク セイド ノ カコ・ ゲンザイ ・ミライ  
Romanization Kansayaku seido no kako genzai mirai  
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Title Historical analysis of the corporate auditor (Kansayaku) system in Japan  
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Name 高田, 晴仁  
Kana タカダ, ハルヒト  
Romanization Takada, Haruhito  
Affiliation 慶應義塾大学大学院法務研究科(法科大学院)教授  
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Name 慶應義塾大学  
Kana ケイオウ ギジュク ダイガク  
Romanization Keiō gijuku daigaku  
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Issued (from:yyyy) 2018  
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1 pdf  
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Name 学事振興資金研究成果実績報告書  
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Year 2017  
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Abstract
本研究では, ヘルマン・ロェスラー(1834-1894)によって起草され, 広く欧州法を継受した商法草案(1881-1884)のなかに, 日本独自のコーポレート・ガバナンスの源流を見いだし, 現況および将来への展望について研究を行った。
ロェスラーは, 一層制の取締役会と並行して監査役会を配置することを着想した。それは, 母国のドイツで「監査役会による経営支配」によって無機能に陥った二層制(監査役会+取締役会)を回避するためであり, あるいは, タテ社会の日本では, 社長・頭取に異見を述べづらい取締役の有り様との調和を目的としたものと考えられる。そのいずれにしても, 日本のコーポレート・ガバナンスでは, 監査役(会)は, 伝統的に, 業務執行プロセスの外に置かれることになった。
現在では, 会社法上, 監査役はすべての取締役会に出席することが求められており, 監査役の取締役(会)からの独立性の保障や, 権限強化については, 遺漏なく整備されているが, 監査役にはかつて一度も取締役会における議決権が与えられたことはない。
だが根本的な問題は, 「異議を唱えづらい取締役会」という歴史的に染みついた文化を日本企業自身が自覚的に乗り越えることができるかどうかである。そのような観点からは, 経営情報にアクセスしつつ重要な経営上の意思決定に参画し, かつ, 「根回し」などの同調圧力に抗して, 意見・異議を述べうる社外取締役の地位を強化することこそが肝要と考えられる。
ロェスラーが133年前に欧州法を混合してわれわれに提示したコーポレート・ガバナンスのモデルは, いまなお日本法のなかに生き続けている。しかし, もし彼がいま在りせば, 再び同じモデルを選択するとは, 思えないのである。
In this study, I find the roots of the unique Japanese corporate governance structure in the first draft of its Commercial Code written by Hermann Roesler (1834-1894) at the end of the 19th century. In the draft by the Law Professor from Germany, the Japanese commercial Law generally accepted European law. From a Japanese perspective, however, provisions of the draft based on an "unknown" philosophy from Europe were too unclear to interpret.
Roesler may have tried to place the board of auditors in parallel with the one-tier board of directors in order to avoid the two-tier system, the auditing organization, which did not work well in Germany then, or in order to harmonize with the role of directors and business practices in Japan. In either case, a "tradition" of the Japanese corporate governance was eventually born in Japan where the board of auditors was put outside of the business execution process. Japanese corporate law requires kansayaku (auditors) to present at every board meeting of directors (kansayaku, therefore, are sometimes called "regular members of the board of directors"). Japanese corporate law has tried not only to ensure kansayaku's independence from directors but also to make kansayaku more and more powerful though paradoxically it has never given kansayaku any voting right on decisions of the board of directors.
The keystone, however, lies in whether Japanese corporations can overcome a traditional culture. It is not easy or almost impossible for anyone to disagree with the majority in the board of directors in Japanese companies. In this study, I will argue that the authority of "outside directors", rather than auditors, should be enhanced now. Japanese corporate law should ensure outside directors' access to business information that corporate officers or managers have, allow outsider directors to participate actively in decision-making processes of the board of directors, and remove informal obstacles for outside directors to "disagree."
The corporate governance model, which Roesler showed us 133 years ago, is still alive in Japanese corporate law. If, however, Roesler still lived today, would he choose the same model again?
 
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日本語  

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Feb 21, 2019 13:07:29  
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/ Public / Internal Research Fund / Keio Gijuku Academic Development Funds Report / Academic year 2017
 
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