Visualization of women in French language is a political issue first raised in Quebec in 1970s through the promotion of gender equality in society. For the sake of the fair representation of genders, the three following linguistic policies were adopted in Quebec: feminization of job titles (professeur → professeure), syntactical feminization by use of doublets in the sentence (Chère lectrice, cher lecteur) and neutralization by using neutral expressions (le juge → le tribunal). These three strategies are also adopted in Switzerland, Belgium and France, but in different ways. In Quebec and Switzerland, where the bottom-up feminism movement demanded the gender equality, it is recommended to use not only the feminization of job titles but also the syntactical feminization and the neutralization to avoid the use of the generic masculine, whereas in Belgium and France, where the feminization was first claimed by female politicians, the feminization of job titles is the main issue. New feminine job titles, nowadays officially acknowledged in the above four regions, are used in FLE textbooks published in France as well as in French textbooks for university students published in Japan.

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