This paper re-examines the effect of international trade on industrial pollution in a North-South trade model developed by Copeland and Taylor (1994, Quarterly Journal of Economics 109, pp. 755–787; 1995, American Economics Review 85, pp. 716–737), by extending the model to a case in which the pollution is neither necessarily local nor global. It is demonstrated that trade decreases pollution in the humancapital-abundant North and increases pollution in the human-capital-scarce South, irrespective of the degree of pollution spillover. It is also shown that the total pollution level in the world increases by opening trade, except for a case in which pollution is purely global.