1917年ロシア革命後ボルシェビキ政権は, 火災保険, 家畜保険の他に, 作物保険と生命保険などの諸保険を国家強制保険として導入した。
作物保険は凍害と雹害などによる被害に対する対策として導入されたものであったが, ボルシェビキ政権によって精力的に行われた穀物の強制的調達とも密接な関連があった。とりわけ1929年から始まる集団化の時期に保険料総額に対する被害額の割合は前のネップ期より, さらに他の保険形態よりはるかに高い2倍前後になり, 大きな赤字をもたらしていた。この被害額の異常な増加の背景には保険金を目当てとする人為的な要因による被害が広く横たわっていた。作物の強制的調達の圧力の下で飢饉に晒されていたソビエト農民は食糧の確保と資金獲得のために作物保険をしばしば利用していた。
一方, 生命保険は第2次世界大戦までの時期には他の保険形態に比べて大幅に遅れを取り, その比重もわずかなものに過ぎなかったが, 戦後の1950年代後半以降は保険事業の中でも最も大きな比重を占めるようになった。生命保険事業については別途新たな考察が必要である。
ボルシェビキ政権によって強制保険として導入された様々な形態の保険は, 収支の面では保険別でなく, 全体的に統合され一元的に運営されていた。また, 管轄の面においては, 各官庁あるいは各共和国に分かれることなく, ソ連邦政府の保険管理庁だけに一元され, すべての事業が極めて中央集権的に営まれた。何よりまず注目に値するのは, 個別の保険では赤字になる場合もあったものの, 国家保険全体は発足から赤字になった年は一度もなく, 常に総合的には大きな黒字を記録したことである。保険事業の純利益の半分は積立準備金として残されたが, 残りの半分はソ連邦政府の歳入として用いられた。とりわけ第2次世界大戦までの1920年代, 1930年代と1940年代にはソ連邦財政の重要な財源となっていた。
After the Russian Revolution in 1917, the Bolshevik government introduced insurance such as crop insurance and life insurance as national compulsory insurance in addition to fire insurance and livestock insurance.
Crop insurance was introduced as a measure against damage caused by frost damage and hail damage, but it was also closely related to compulsory procurement of grain which was vigorously carried out by the Bolshevik administration. Especially the ratio of the damage amount of crop insurance to the total premium amount at the time of collectivization starting from 1929 was more than twice as much as that in previous period, and was much higher than the other insurance forms, resulting in a large deficit. The background of this abnormal increase in damage amount resulted in extensive damage by human-induced factors aimed at insurance payoff. Soviet peasants who were exposed to famine under the pressure of forced crop procurement frequently used crop insurance to secure food and to gain money.
On the other hand, the life insurance took much delay compared to other insurance forms at the time until World War II, and its weight was only slight, but after the end of World War II in the insurance business , it occupied the largest weight among them. For the life insurance business, new consideration is needed separately.
The various forms of national insurance were introduced as compulsory insurance by the Bolshevik government were not integrated by insurance in terms of income and expenditure but were integrated and managed in a unified way overall. Also, in terms of jurisdiction, without being divided into each government agency or each republic, it was united only by the insurance administration agency of the Soviet federal government, and all the projects were operated very centrally. First of all, it is worth noting that although some insurance could have been in the red, the whole national insurance was never a deficit since the establishment, and always recorded a large surplus overall. Half of the insurance business net income was left as reserve funds, but the other half was used as a revenue by the Soviet Government. In particular during the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s until World War II the Soviet national insurance was one of the most important financial resource for the Soviet federal government.